Distribution of mitochondria along small-diameter myelinated central nervous system axons. Intramembranous particle distribution in nerve fiber membranes. Electrophysiology and morphology of myelinated nerve fibers. Tuning of Ranvier node and internode properties in myelinated axons to adjust action potential timing. Neurocytology: Fine Structure of Neurons, Nerve Processes, and Neuroglial Cells (Springer International Publishing, 2015).įord, M. Distinctive structural and molecular features of myelinated inhibitory axons in human neocortex. A large fraction of neocortical myelin ensheathes axons of local inhibitory neurons. Node of Ranvier length as a potential regulator of myelinated axon conduction speed. Ultrastructure of myelinated nerve fibers in the central nervous system of the frog. A comparison of nodes of Ranvier in sciatic nerves with node-like structures in optic nerves of the mouse. The formation and structure of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. Factors affecting transmission and recovery in the passive iron nerve model. Leçons sur l’Histologie du Système Nerveux, par M. Contribution à l’histologie et à la physiologie des nerfs périphériques. Regulation of conduction time along axons. TREK-1 and TRAAK are principal K + channels at the nodes of Ranvier for rapid action potential conduction on mammalian myelinated afferent nerves. The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier. Molecular domains of myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system. The nodes of Ranvier: molecular assembly and maintenance. Neuro-glial interactions at the nodes of Ranvier: implication in health and diseases. The local differentiation of myelinated axons at nodes of Ranvier. We go on to discuss dynamic changes in the nodes during demyelination and remyelination, highlighting the impact of these changes on neuronal physiology in health and disease as well as the associated therapeutic implications. In this article, we review current knowledge of the organization and function of nodes of Ranvier in the CNS. The nodal clusters regenerate concurrently with but also prior to remyelination, allowing the restoration of axonal conduction. In multiple sclerosis, for example, nodal and perinodal disruption following demyelination, with subsequent changes in ion channel distribution, leads to altered axonal conduction and integrity. As we highlight in this Review, the disorganization of axonal domains has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. In addition, through their multiple glial contacts, nodes seem to be important for neuron–glia interactions. Besides the key role of the nodes in accelerating conduction, nodal variations are thought to allow the fine tuning of axonal conduction speed to meet information processing needs. Our knowledge of the complex molecular composition of these axonal domains continues to accumulate, although the mechanisms of nodal assembly, which have been elucidated in the PNS, remain only partially understood in the CNS. Saltatory conduction of action potentials along myelinated axons depends on the nodes of Ranvier - small unmyelinated axonal domains where voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated.
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